Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), also known as dynamic light scattering (DLS), measures the size distribution of small particles in suspension…

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a technique that separates molecules based on their size by passing them through a porous…

Surface area analysis measures the total surface area of particles in a sample, providing insights into properties such as reactivity…

Analytical ultracentrifugation is a method that employs ultracentrifugal force to separate macromolecules based on their sedimentation rates in solution. It…

Centrifugal sedimentation is a technique that utilizes centrifugal force to separate particles based on their size and density. This method…

Cryogenic milling is a grinding process where the sample is cooled to very low temperatures, often using liquid nitrogen, making…

Differential scanning calorimetry is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow associated with phase transitions, such as melting…